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# 使用go-zero从0到1快速构建高并发的短链服务
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## 0. 什么是短链服务?
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短链服务就是将长的URL网址,通过程序计算等方式,转换为简短的网址字符串。
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写此短链服务是为了从整体上演示go-zero构建完整微服务的过程,算法和实现细节尽可能简化了,所以这不是一个高阶的短链服务。
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## 1. 短链微服务架构图
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<img src="images/shorturl-arch.png" alt="架构图" width="800" />
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## 2. 准备工作
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* 安装etcd, mysql, redis
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* 准备goctl工具
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* 直接从`https://github.com/tal-tech/go-zero/releases`下载最新版,后续会加上自动更新
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* 也可以从源码编译,在任意目录下进行,目的是为了编译goctl工具
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1. `git clone https://github.com/tal-tech/go-zero`
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2. 在`tools/goctl`目录下编译goctl工具`go build goctl.go`
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3. 将生成的goctl放到`$PATH`下,确保goctl命令可运行
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* 创建工作目录`shorturl`
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* 在`shorturl`目录下执行`go mod init shorturl`初始化`go.mod`
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## 3. 编写API Gateway代码
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* 通过goctl生成`shorturl.api`并编辑,为了简洁,去除了文件开头的`info`,代码如下:
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```go
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type (
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shortenReq struct {
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url string `form:"url"`
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}
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shortenResp struct {
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shortUrl string `json:"shortUrl"`
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}
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)
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type (
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expandReq struct {
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key string `form:"key"`
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}
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expandResp struct {
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url string `json:"url"`
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}
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)
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service shorturl-api {
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@server(
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handler: ShortenHandler
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)
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get /shorten(shortenReq) returns(shortenResp)
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@server(
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handler: ExpandHandler
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)
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get /expand(expandReq) returns(expandResp)
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}
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```
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type用法和go一致,service用来定义get/post/head/delete等api请求,解释如下:
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* `service shorturl-api {`这一行定义了service名字
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* `@server`部分用来定义server端用到的属性
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* `handler`定义了服务端handler名字
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* `get /shorten(shortenReq) returns(shortenResp)`定义了get方法的路由、请求参数、返回参数等
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* 使用goctl生成API Gateway代码
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```shell
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goctl api go -api shorturl.api -dir api
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```
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生成的文件结构如下:
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```
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.
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├── api
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│ ├── etc
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│ │ └── shorturl-api.yaml // 配置文件
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│ ├── internal
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│ │ ├── config
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│ │ │ └── config.go // 定义配置
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│ │ ├── handler
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│ │ │ ├── expandhandler.go // 实现expandHandler
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│ │ │ ├── routes.go // 定义路由处理
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│ │ │ └── shortenhandler.go // 实现shortenHandler
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│ │ ├── logic
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│ │ │ ├── expandlogic.go // 实现ExpandLogic
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│ │ │ └── shortenlogic.go // 实现ShortenLogic
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│ │ ├── svc
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│ │ │ └── servicecontext.go // 定义ServiceContext
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│ │ └── types
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│ │ └── types.go // 定义请求、返回结构体
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│ └── shorturl.go // main入口定义
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├── go.mod
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├── go.sum
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└── shorturl.api
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```
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* 启动API Gateway服务,默认侦听在8888端口
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```shell
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go run api/shorturl.go -f api/etc/shorturl-api.yaml
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```
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* 测试API Gateway服务
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```shell
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curl -i "http://localhost:8888/shorten?url=http://www.xiaoheiban.cn"
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```
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返回如下:
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```http
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Content-Type: application/json
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Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 14:31:39 GMT
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Content-Length: 15
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{"shortUrl":""}
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```
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可以看到我们API Gateway其实啥也没干,就返回了个空值,接下来我们会在rpc服务里实现业务逻辑
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* 可以修改`internal/svc/servicecontext.go`来传递服务依赖(如果需要)
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* 实现逻辑可以修改`internal/logic`下的对应文件
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* 可以通过`goctl`生成各种客户端语言的api调用代码
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* 到这里,你已经可以通过goctl生成客户端代码给客户端同学并行开发了,支持多种语言,详见文档
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## 4. 编写shorten rpc服务
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* 在`rpc/shorten`目录下编写`shorten.proto`文件
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可以通过命令生成proto文件模板
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```shell
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goctl rpc template -o shorten.proto
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```
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修改后文件内容如下:
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```protobuf
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syntax = "proto3";
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package shorten;
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message shortenReq {
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string url = 1;
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}
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message shortenResp {
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string key = 1;
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}
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service shortener {
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rpc shorten(shortenReq) returns(shortenResp);
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}
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```
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* 用`goctl`生成rpc代码,在`rpc/shorten`目录下执行命令
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```shell
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goctl rpc proto -src shorten.proto
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```
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文件结构如下:
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```
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rpc/shorten
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├── etc
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│ └── shorten.yaml // 配置文件
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├── internal
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│ ├── config
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│ │ └── config.go // 配置定义
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│ ├── logic
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│ │ └── shortenlogic.go // rpc业务逻辑在这里实现
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│ ├── server
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│ │ └── shortenerserver.go // 调用入口, 不需要修改
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│ └── svc
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│ └── servicecontext.go // 定义ServiceContext,传递依赖
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├── pb
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│ └── shorten.pb.go
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├── shorten.go // rpc服务main函数
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├── shorten.proto
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└── shortener
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├── shortener.go // 提供了外部调用方法,无需修改
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├── shortener_mock.go // mock方法,测试用
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└── types.go // request/response结构体定义
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```
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直接可以运行,如下:
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```shell
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$ go run shorten.go -f etc/shorten.yaml
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Starting rpc server at 127.0.0.1:8080...
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```
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`etc/shorten.yaml`文件里可以修改侦听端口等配置
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## 5. 编写expand rpc服务
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* 在`rpc/expand`目录下编写`expand.proto`文件
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可以通过命令生成proto文件模板
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```shell
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goctl rpc template -o expand.proto
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```
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修改后文件内容如下:
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```protobuf
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syntax = "proto3";
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package expand;
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message expandReq {
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string key = 1;
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}
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message expandResp {
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string url = 1;
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}
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service expander {
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rpc expand(expandReq) returns(expandResp);
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}
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```
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* 用`goctl`生成rpc代码,在`rpc/expand`目录下执行命令
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```shell
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goctl rpc proto -src expand.proto
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```
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文件结构如下:
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```
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rpc/expand
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├── etc
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│ └── expand.yaml // 配置文件
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├── expand.go // rpc服务main函数
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├── expand.proto
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├── expander
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│ ├── expander.go // 提供了外部调用方法,无需修改
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│ ├── expander_mock.go // mock方法,测试用
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│ └── types.go // request/response结构体定义
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├── internal
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│ ├── config
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│ │ └── config.go // 配置定义
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│ ├── logic
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│ │ └── expandlogic.go // rpc业务逻辑在这里实现
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│ ├── server
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│ │ └── expanderserver.go // 调用入口, 不需要修改
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│ └── svc
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│ └── servicecontext.go // 定义ServiceContext,传递依赖
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└── pb
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└── expand.pb.go
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```
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修改`etc/expand.yaml`里面的`ListenOn`的端口为`8081`,因为`8080`已经被`shorten`服务占用了
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修改后运行,如下:
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```shell
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$ go run expand.go -f etc/expand.yaml
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Starting rpc server at 127.0.0.1:8081...
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```
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`etc/expand.yaml`文件里可以修改侦听端口等配置
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## 6. 修改API Gateway代码调用shorten/expand rpc服务
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* 修改配置文件`shorter-api.yaml`,增加如下内容
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```yaml
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Shortener:
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Etcd:
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Hosts:
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- localhost:2379
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Key: shorten.rpc
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Expander:
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Etcd:
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Hosts:
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- localhost:2379
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Key: expand.rpc
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```
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通过etcd自动去发现可用的shorten/expand服务
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* 修改`internal/config/config.go`如下,增加shorten/expand服务依赖
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```go
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type Config struct {
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rest.RestConf
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Shortener rpcx.RpcClientConf // 手动代码
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Expander rpcx.RpcClientConf // 手动代码
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}
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```
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* 修改`internal/logic/expandlogic.go`,如下:
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```go
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type ExpandLogic struct {
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ctx context.Context
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logx.Logger
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expander rpcx.Client // 手动代码
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}
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func NewExpandLogic(ctx context.Context, svcCtx *svc.ServiceContext) ExpandLogic {
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return ExpandLogic{
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ctx: ctx,
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Logger: logx.WithContext(ctx),
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expander: svcCtx.Expander, // 手动代码
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}
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}
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func (l *ExpandLogic) Expand(req types.ExpandReq) (*types.ExpandResp, error) {
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// 手动代码开始
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resp, err := expander.NewExpander(l.expander).Expand(l.ctx, &expander.ExpandReq{
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Key: req.Key,
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})
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if err != nil {
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|
|
return nil, err
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return &types.ExpandResp{
|
|
|
|
|
Url: resp.Url,
|
|
|
|
|
}, nil
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码结束
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
增加了对`expander`服务的依赖,并通过调用`expander`的`Expand`方法实现短链恢复到url
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`internal/logic/shortenlogic.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type ShortenLogic struct {
|
|
|
|
|
ctx context.Context
|
|
|
|
|
logx.Logger
|
|
|
|
|
shortener rpcx.Client // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func NewShortenLogic(ctx context.Context, svcCtx *svc.ServiceContext) ShortenLogic {
|
|
|
|
|
return ShortenLogic{
|
|
|
|
|
ctx: ctx,
|
|
|
|
|
Logger: logx.WithContext(ctx),
|
|
|
|
|
shortener: svcCtx.Shortener, // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *ShortenLogic) Shorten(req types.ShortenReq) (*types.ShortenResp, error) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码开始
|
|
|
|
|
resp, err := shortener.NewShortener(l.shortener).Shorten(l.ctx, &shortener.ShortenReq{
|
|
|
|
|
Url: req.Url,
|
|
|
|
|
})
|
|
|
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
|
|
|
return nil, err
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return &types.ShortenResp{
|
|
|
|
|
ShortUrl: resp.Key,
|
|
|
|
|
}, nil
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码结束
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
增加了对`shortener`服务的依赖,并通过调用`shortener`的`Shorten`方法实现url到短链的变换
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`internal/svc/servicecontext.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type ServiceContext struct {
|
|
|
|
|
Config config.Config
|
|
|
|
|
Shortener rpcx.Client // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
Expander rpcx.Client // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func NewServiceContext(config config.Config) *ServiceContext {
|
|
|
|
|
return &ServiceContext{
|
|
|
|
|
Config: config,
|
|
|
|
|
Shortener: rpcx.MustNewClient(config.Shortener), // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
Expander: rpcx.MustNewClient(config.Expander), // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
通过ServiceContext在不同业务逻辑之间传递依赖
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
至此,API Gateway修改完成,虽然贴的代码多,但是期中修改的是很少的一部分,为了方便理解上下文,我贴了完整代码,接下来处理CRUD+cache
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 7. 定义数据库表结构,并生成CRUD+cache代码
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* shorturl下创建rpc/model目录:`mkdir -p rpc/model`
|
|
|
|
|
* 在roc/model目录下编写创建shorturl表的sql文件`shorturl.sql`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```sql
|
|
|
|
|
CREATE TABLE `shorturl`
|
|
|
|
|
(
|
|
|
|
|
`shorten` varchar(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'shorten key',
|
|
|
|
|
`url` varchar(255) NOT NULL COMMENT 'original url',
|
|
|
|
|
PRIMARY KEY(`shorten`)
|
|
|
|
|
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 创建DB和table
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```sql
|
|
|
|
|
create database gozero;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```sql
|
|
|
|
|
source shorturl.sql;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 在`rpc/model`目录下执行如下命令生成CRUD+cache代码,`-c`表示使用`redis cache`
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```shell
|
|
|
|
|
goctl model mysql ddl -c -src shorturl.sql -dir .
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
也可以用`datasource`命令代替`ddl`来指定数据库链接直接从schema生成
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
生成后的文件结构如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
rpc/model
|
|
|
|
|
├── shorturl.sql
|
|
|
|
|
├── shorturlmodel.go // CRUD+cache代码
|
|
|
|
|
└── vars.go // 定义常量和变量
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 8. 修改shorten/expand rpc代码调用crud+cache代码
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/expand/etc/expand.yaml`,增加如下内容:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```yaml
|
|
|
|
|
DataSource: root:@tcp(localhost:3306)/gozero
|
|
|
|
|
Table: shorturl
|
|
|
|
|
Cache:
|
|
|
|
|
- Host: localhost:6379
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
可以使用多个redis作为cache,支持redis单点或者redis集群
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/expand/internal/config.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type Config struct {
|
|
|
|
|
rpcx.RpcServerConf
|
|
|
|
|
DataSource string // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
Table string // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
Cache cache.CacheConf // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
增加了mysql和redis cache配置
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/expand/internal/svc/servicecontext.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type ServiceContext struct {
|
|
|
|
|
c config.Config
|
|
|
|
|
Model *model.ShorturlModel // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func NewServiceContext(c config.Config) *ServiceContext {
|
|
|
|
|
return &ServiceContext{
|
|
|
|
|
c: c,
|
|
|
|
|
Model: model.NewShorturlModel(sqlx.NewMysql(c.DataSource), c.Cache, c.Table), // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/expand/internal/logic/expandlogic.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type ExpandLogic struct {
|
|
|
|
|
ctx context.Context
|
|
|
|
|
logx.Logger
|
|
|
|
|
model *model.ShorturlModel // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func NewExpandLogic(ctx context.Context, svcCtx *svc.ServiceContext) *ExpandLogic {
|
|
|
|
|
return &ExpandLogic{
|
|
|
|
|
ctx: ctx,
|
|
|
|
|
Logger: logx.WithContext(ctx),
|
|
|
|
|
model: svcCtx.Model, // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *ExpandLogic) Expand(in *expand.ExpandReq) (*expand.ExpandResp, error) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码开始
|
|
|
|
|
res, err := l.model.FindOne(in.Key)
|
|
|
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
|
|
|
return nil, err
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return &expand.ExpandResp{
|
|
|
|
|
Url: res.Url,
|
|
|
|
|
}, nil
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码结束
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/shorten/etc/shorten.yaml`,增加如下内容:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```yaml
|
|
|
|
|
DataSource: root:@tcp(localhost:3306)/gozero
|
|
|
|
|
Table: shorturl
|
|
|
|
|
Cache:
|
|
|
|
|
- Host: localhost:6379
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
可以使用多个redis作为cache,支持redis单点或者redis集群
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/shorten/internal/config.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type Config struct {
|
|
|
|
|
rpcx.RpcServerConf
|
|
|
|
|
DataSource string // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
Table string // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
Cache cache.CacheConf // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
增加了mysql和redis cache配置
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/shorten/internal/svc/servicecontext.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
type ServiceContext struct {
|
|
|
|
|
c config.Config
|
|
|
|
|
Model *model.ShorturlModel // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func NewServiceContext(c config.Config) *ServiceContext {
|
|
|
|
|
return &ServiceContext{
|
|
|
|
|
c: c,
|
|
|
|
|
Model: model.NewShorturlModel(sqlx.NewMysql(c.DataSource), c.Cache, c.Table), // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* 修改`rpc/shorten/internal/logic/shortenlogic.go`,如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
|
|
|
const keyLen = 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
type ShortenLogic struct {
|
|
|
|
|
ctx context.Context
|
|
|
|
|
logx.Logger
|
|
|
|
|
model *model.ShorturlModel // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func NewShortenLogic(ctx context.Context, svcCtx *svc.ServiceContext) *ShortenLogic {
|
|
|
|
|
return &ShortenLogic{
|
|
|
|
|
ctx: ctx,
|
|
|
|
|
Logger: logx.WithContext(ctx),
|
|
|
|
|
model: svcCtx.Model, // 手动代码
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *ShortenLogic) Shorten(in *shorten.ShortenReq) (*shorten.ShortenResp, error) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码开始,生成短链接
|
|
|
|
|
key := hash.Md5Hex([]byte(in.Url))[:keyLen]
|
|
|
|
|
_, err := l.model.Insert(model.Shorturl{
|
|
|
|
|
Shorten: key,
|
|
|
|
|
Url: in.Url,
|
|
|
|
|
})
|
|
|
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
|
|
|
return nil, err
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return &shorten.ShortenResp{
|
|
|
|
|
Key: key,
|
|
|
|
|
}, nil
|
|
|
|
|
// 手动代码结束
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
至此代码修改完成,凡事手动修改的代码我加了标注
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 9. 完整调用演示
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* shorten api调用
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```shell
|
|
|
|
|
~ curl -i "http://localhost:8888/shorten?url=http://www.xiaoheiban.cn"
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
返回如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```http
|
|
|
|
|
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
|
|
|
|
Content-Type: application/json
|
|
|
|
|
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 10:49:49 GMT
|
|
|
|
|
Content-Length: 21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{"shortUrl":"f35b2a"}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* expand api调用
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```shell
|
|
|
|
|
curl -i "http://localhost:8888/expand?key=f35b2a"
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
返回如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```http
|
|
|
|
|
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
|
|
|
|
Content-Type: application/json
|
|
|
|
|
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 10:51:53 GMT
|
|
|
|
|
Content-Length: 34
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{"url":"http://www.xiaoheiban.cn"}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 10. Benchmark
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
因为写入依赖于mysql的写入速度,就相当于压mysql了,所以压测只测试了expand接口,相当于从mysql里读取并利用缓存,shorten.lua里随机从db里获取了100个热key来生成压测请求
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![Benchmark](images/shorturl-benchmark.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
可以看出在我的MacBook Pro上能达到3万+的qps。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 11. 总结
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
我们一直强调**工具大于约定和文档**。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
go-zero不只是一个框架,更是一个建立在框架+工具基础上的,简化和规范了整个微服务构建的技术体系。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
我们在保持简单的同时也尽可能把微服务治理的复杂度封装到了框架内部,极大的降低了开发人员的心智负担,使得业务开发得以快速推进。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
通过go-zero+goctl生成的代码,包含了微服务治理的各种组件,包括:并发控制、自适应熔断、自适应降载、自动缓存控制等,可以轻松部署以承载巨大访问量。
|